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29.1 The geopolitical stand: India-Israel-Palestine

India and Israel are more than 4,000 km apart but they're united in their experience. They share a long and painful history of fighting terrorism. Indians are all too familiar with the pain that the ordinary Israeli is feeling today. Right to Peaceful existence has been threatened time and again by the depraved actions of our neighbour so India understands Israel's pain and plight but beyond the unmitigated humanitarian tragedy is the geopolitics. What's at stake for India in this conflict? To answer this we must understand history. In 1950 India announced its recognition of Israel. It was one of the last Non-Muslim state to recognize Israel but India was also among the first to recognize Palestine that happened in 1988 and that's not all, in 1974 India became the first Non-Arab state to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization. New Delhi accepted this group as a sole representative of the Palestinian people. So historically, India’s ties with Palestine have run deeper compared to those with Israel. In the 1980s Yaseer Arafat visited India frequently.  He was a Palestinian leader but beyond the Optics there were there was also despite in India, over India's unabashed support of Palestine, imperceptibly the ground beneath was shifting and Pakistan played a role in it. India supported the Palestinian cause but the Arab Nations did not return the favor. They did not show such support for India. For instance in 1962, India and China fought a war and what was the stand of the Arab nations?  In that conflict of 1962 War, they were neutral and it got worse both in 1965 and 1971. India was facing Pakistan on the battlefield and the Arab Nations backed it. They backed Pakistan. Geopolitics doesn't quite work as a one-sided love story and India learned that lesson over time. What Israel did in the meantime, it helped India with arms and ammunition both in 1962 and in 1965 war. Israel helped India but the relationship remained like a secret affair, the major shift came in the 1990s that's when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Among Saddam Hussein's few allies was Yaseer Arafat, the Palestinian leader and that dangerous Gambit alienated Arafat in 1991. In fact the Soviet Union disintegrated West Asia was undergoing a transformation. Allies and allegiances were changing and India did not want to be shoehorned into a corner so, in 1992 New Delhi established full diplomatic relations with Israel and over the years the ties have become stronger. India is Israel's seventh largest trade partner and Israel is India's third largest defense partner. Defense, diamonds and drip irrigation dominate the bilateral ties. This has come in handy for India especially during the Kargil war. In 1999, India issued an SOS it needed help and Israel responded. It supplied India with Target bombs and this proved to be crucial in India's Victory. Then in 2014, the Narendra Modi government came to power, ties with Israel came into focus in 2017. Prime Minister Modi visited Israel, the first Indian Prime Minister to do so and he did not go to Palestine then. This was a major shift on India's part. Modi de hyphenated Israel and Palestine. Israeli leader has been much talked about from the beach walk, to the kite flying, to spinning Gandhi's charkha they've done it all. One year later in 2018, Prime Minister Modi did make a trip to Palestine and this time around he did not visit Israel. So, the message from India was clear India had not abandoned the relationship with Palestine. It had merely recalibrated it. Now admittedly this diplomatic maneuvering is a difficult Balancing Act but sometimes events demand that nations take a clear stand recent terror attack by Hamas was one such occasion Hamas has manipulation of religion as political tribalism has few takers and India certainly is not one of them by calling it what it is, “a terror attack” New Delhi has made it’s stand clear.

29.2 HAMAS & its Future:

Hamas it's a terrorist organization but it calls itself a political party, it is in fact one of the two largest political parties in Palestine now Palestine is divided into two parts the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The West Bank is controlled by a coalition called the PLO, the Palestinian Liberation organization led by a party called Fatah. So, the PLO rules the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is controlled by Hamas. This group is ideologically and politically motivated. It rules a population of more than 2 million Palestinians and it calls itself the face of the Palestinian movement.  Hamas gets its name from an Arab acronym “Harakah- Al- Muqawamah-Al-Islamia” which translates to the “Islamic resistance movement”. Now this group was founded by a man called Ahmed Yassin, a Palestinian scholar and cleric. In 1967, there was a Six-Day War Israel won and they took over Palestinian territory. Two decades later Yassin established Hamas and Palestinians rose against Israel's occupation. In 1987, the movement was called the first Uprising; there was a series of violent protests attacks targeting Jews in Israel. One year later Hamas published their Charter it called for the destruction of Israel and for the establishment of an Islamic society in historic Palestine and then Hamas continued the attacks. They reportedly resorted to Suicide bombings rocket attacks and Small Arms attacks their targets were civilians. The International Community designated Hamas as a terrorist group, over the years it tried to morph itself into a political party but it kept a military Wing that's what they call themselves and this Wing was to carry out attacks against Israel. Hamas created a top down Government Approach. At the top was the political bureau of  15 member body which operates in Exile, then comes the Shura council its members are unknown but this Council elects the political  bureau it also oversees some welfare programs in the West Bank at Gaza and then there is the Hamas government. It implements policies and agendas set by the Shura council but it's more like a puppet government. So, does the Hamas have a representative face? Well, it does and it's this man Ismile Khan, he's the designated chairman of Hamas and he operates from Qatar's Capital Doha. Hamas leaders have made Qatar their workplace because they had a falling out with their previous hosts that's Syria who supports and funds Hamas on the geopolitical level. Where do they get their money and weapons from Qatar? It is clearly an outright supporter apart from hosting the leaders of Hamas. Qatar sends millions of dollars to the terror group in 2021, the Qatari government announced Aid worth $360 million for Hamas that's $360 million that Hamas has never given accountability for. Where did that money go? Next in line is turkey, their president Erdogan is a stalwart supporter of this Terror organization, Hamas even has offices in Istanbul. In the month of July Erdogan hosted the chief of Hamas in Ankara. Erdogan openly supports the Palestinian cause and turkey has repeatedly sent funds to Hamas and even now after recent attacks Erdogan does not condemn them for what they've done. Their top supporter title goes to Iran. Theran provides Hamas with funds weapons and military training. It is common for Hamas leaders to meet Iranian leaders and clerics. According to a report by the US state department Iran provides almost $100 million every year to Hamas what about the weapons there's no Clarity on how many they give or what kind but here's what the Hamas Chief says Iran is their biggest donor of their biggest donor of weapons. The Hamas leadership often visits Iran to plot against their common enemy Israel and they insist that this is not a proxy war that they're not fighting on behalf of Iran but they haven't found many takers over the years. American sanctions have forced Iran to cut funding to Hamas but their relationship remains intact so for Iran, Hamas is an ally for Israel. It's a terror group but how do the people of Palestine see Hamas? A poll was held in the month of June by the Palestinian Center for policy research and they revealed some shocking numbers only 31% of the people in Palestine say that Hamas should represent them. A whopping 73% Palestinians believe that they should not. Hamas should not represent them 73%. They say there's widespread corruption in Gaza in institutions run by Hamas. The pole also asked Palestinians another question who would they vote for if elections were to be held today 56% pick the current Hamas Chief Ismile and that's a clear majority 56% so what does that mean? It means that the people of Gaza do not trust the governing ability of Hamas but Ismile continues to be a popular figure ever since Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005. Hamas has taken up the role of the de facto Authority here over the years. They've purged political opposition. The Gaza Strip has remained under their strict control. Hamas has maintained its popularity with social service and the call to raise militias against Israel but this time they may have gone too far, they've launched an All out military operation against Israel. Will this spell the end of Hamas? Only time answers this Question.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Akhileshwar Maurya)

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28.1 Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are a group of chronic disorders that occur when the immune system, which is designed to protect the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and organs. This malfunction in the immune system can lead to a wide range of diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide. In this article, we will explore the basics of autoimmune diseases, their causes, common examples, and potential treatments.

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28.2 The Immune System: A Double-Edged Sword

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and proteins that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. This intricate defense mechanism can be likened to a well-trained army, ready to protect us at a moment's notice. However, in the case of autoimmune diseases, this army becomes confused and turns its weapons against the very body it's meant to safeguard.

28.3 Causes of Autoimmune Diseases:

The exact causes of autoimmune diseases are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to their development:

1. Genetic Predisposition: A family history of autoimmune diseases can increase one's risk of developing these conditions. Certain genes may predispose individuals to autoimmune reactions.

2. Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors such as infections, exposure to toxins, and diet may play a role in triggering autoimmune responses. For example, infections can sometimes mimic the body's own tissues, leading to confusion in the immune system.

3. Hormonal Changes: Some autoimmune diseases are more common in women, suggesting that hormonal fluctuations may influence their development.

28.4 Common Autoimmune Diseases:

28.4.1. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and joint damage.

28.4.2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and systems, often characterized by skin rashes, joint pain, and fatigue.

28.4.3. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): MS is a neurological autoimmune disease that disrupts the communication between the brain and the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms.

28.4.4. Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, requiring lifelong insulin therapy.

28.4.5. Celiac Disease: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, damaging the small intestine's lining and impairing nutrient absorption.

28.4.6. Crohn's Disease: Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to abdominal pain and digestive issues.

28.4.7. Ulcerative Colitis: Ulcerative colitis is another type of IBD that primarily affects the colon and rectum, leading to inflammation, ulcers, and digestive symptoms.

28.4.8. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Hashimoto's is an autoimmune thyroid disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, often resulting in hypothyroidism.

28.4.9. Graves' Disease: Graves' disease is an autoimmune thyroid disorder characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production, leading to hyperthyroidism.

28.4.10. Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition driven by an overactive immune system, causing skin cells to build up rapidly and form scales and red patches.

28.4.11. Sjogren's Syndrome: Sjogren's syndrome primarily affects the salivary and tear glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes, as well as other systemic symptoms.

28.4.12. Ankylosing Spondylitis: Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain and stiffness.

28.4.13. Vitiligo: Vitiligo is a skin disorder where the immune system destroys melanocytes, resulting in patches of depigmented skin.

28.4.14. Myasthenia Gravis: Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder where the immune system attacks the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness.

28.4.15. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

28.4.16. Addison's Disease: Addison's disease is an autoimmune condition that affects the adrenal glands, leading to insufficient cortisol production.

28.4.17. Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder causing muscle pain and stiffness, often in the shoulders and hips.

28.4.18. Dermatomyositis: Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory disease affecting the skin and muscles, leading to muscle weakness and skin rashes.

28.4.19. Pernicious Anemia: Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia caused by the immune system's destruction of intrinsic factor, hindering vitamin B12 absorption.

28.4.20. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): APS is an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of blood clots, leading to complications like deep vein thrombosis and stroke.

28.4.21. Goodpasture's Syndrome: Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the lungs and kidneys, causing bleeding and kidney damage.

28.4.22. Wegener's Granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis): Wegener's granulomatosis is a vasculitis condition that primarily affects the airways and kidneys.

28.4.23. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD): MCTD is an autoimmune disorder with symptoms resembling lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis.

28.4.24. Polymyositis: Polymyositis is an inflammatory myopathy causing muscle weakness and pain.

28.4.25. Bullous Pemphigoid: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blistering and itching.

28.4.26. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the immune system destroys red blood cells, leading to anemia.

28.4.27. Alopecia Areata: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss, often in round patches on the scalp.

28.4.28. Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC): PBC is an autoimmune liver disease that damages the bile ducts, impairing liver function.

28.4.29. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): PSC is another autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts.

28.4.30. Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterized by granulomas in various organs, including the lungs and skin.

28.4.31. Behçet's Disease: Behçet's disease is a rare autoimmune disorder causing recurrent mouth and genital ulcers, as well as other systemic symptoms.

28.4.32. Pemphigus Vulgaris: Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disorder affecting the skin and mucous membranes.

28.4.33. Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Giant cell arteritis is an autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels, often affecting the temporal arteries.

28.4.34. Takayasu's Arteritis: Takayasu's arteritis is another vasculitis condition that primarily affects large arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.

28.4.35. Myositis: Myositis refers to a group of autoimmune muscle diseases, including polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

28.4.36. Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE): EoE is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing and esophageal inflammation.

28.4.37. Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS): SPS is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms.

28.4.38. Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder where the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys hypocretin-producing cells in the brain, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness.

28.4.39. Raynaud's Phenomenon: Raynaud's phenomenon is a vascular disorder where the fingers and toes experience extreme sensitivity to cold, leading to color changes and pain.

28.4.40. Relapsing Polychondritis: Relapsing polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation of cartilage in the body.

28.4.41. Bullous Pemphigoid: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blistering and itching.

28.4.42. Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis): Churg-Strauss syndrome is a vasculitis condition characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and systemic inflammation.

28.4.43. Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Autoimmune pancreatitis is a condition where the immune system attacks the pancreas, leading to pancreatic inflammation.

28.4.44. IgA Nephropathy: IgA nephropathy is an autoimmune kidney disease where IgA antibodies build up in the kidneys, causing damage.

28.4.45. Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Mixed cryoglobulinemia is a condition characterized by abnormal proteins in the blood that can lead to vasculitis and organ damage.

28.4.46. Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Dermatitis herpetiformis is a skin condition associated with celiac disease, characterized by itchy, blistering skin rashes.

28.4.47. Autoimmune Hepatitis: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease where the immune system attacks the liver, leading to inflammation and damage.

28.4.48. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS): LEMS is a neuromuscular disorder where the immune system targets the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness.

28.4.49. Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis): Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and connective tissues to become thick and hard, often affecting internal organs.

28.4.50. Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder associated with cancer, characterized by severe blistering and mucosal involvement.

28.5 Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosing autoimmune diseases can be complex, as symptoms often overlap with other medical conditions. A combination of medical history, physical examinations, blood tests, and imaging studies is typically used to reach a diagnosis.

Treatment for autoimmune diseases primarily focuses on managing symptoms and controlling the autoimmune response. Common treatment approaches include:

1. Immunosuppressive Medications: These drugs aim to reduce the activity of the immune system to prevent further damage to healthy tissues. Common examples include corticosteroids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

2. Pain Management: Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs help manage symptoms like joint pain and inflammation.

3. Disease-Specific Therapies: Some autoimmune diseases have specialized treatments. For example, insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes or disease-specific biologic medications for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

4. Lifestyle Modifications: A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management, can help improve the overall well-being of individuals with autoimmune diseases.

28.6 Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing the Skin Disorder

28.6.1 Introduction:

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the rapid buildup of skin cells, resulting in thick, red, and often itchy patches of skin. This condition can have a significant impact on a person's physical and emotional well-being. In this article, we will delve into the details of psoriasis, exploring its causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment options.

28.6.2 Understanding Psoriasis:

Psoriasis is a complex disorder with genetic and immune system components. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, speeding up the skin cell turnover process. In a healthy individual, skin cells mature and shed over a period of about a month. In psoriasis, this process takes just a few days, leading to a buildup of skin cells on the surface.

28.6.3 Key Features of Psoriasis:

28.6.3.1. Plaques: The most common form of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis. It appears as raised, red patches covered with a silvery-white buildup of dead skin cells.

28.6.3.2. Location: Psoriasis can occur anywhere on the body but most commonly affects the elbows, knees, scalp, lower back, and nails.

28.6.3.3. Itching and Discomfort: The skin can be itchy, painful, or both, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life.

28.6.3.4. Chronic Nature: Psoriasis is typically a lifelong condition with periods of flare-ups and remission. Flare-ups can be triggered by factors like stress, infections, or certain medications.

28.6.4 Types of Psoriasis:

28.6.4.1. Plaque Psoriasis: As mentioned earlier, this is the most common type, characterized by well-defined, raised plaques covered in silvery scales.

28.6.4.2. Guttate Psoriasis: This type often appears as small, red, and scaly spots. It is often triggered by streptococcal infections and can develop suddenly.

28.6.4.3. Inverse Psoriasis: Occurring in skin folds, such as the armpits, groin, and under the breasts, this type is characterized by smooth, red lesions without scales.

28.6.4.4. Pustular Psoriasis: Pustular psoriasis involves the formation of pus-filled blisters surrounded by red skin. It can be localized or widespread.

28.6.4.5. Erythrodermic Psoriasis: This is a severe and rare form of psoriasis where the skin becomes intensely red, swollen, and painful. It can cover large areas of the body and may require hospitalization.

28.6.5 Diagnosis and Triggers:

Psoriasis is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history. In some cases, a skin biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Identifying triggers for psoriasis flare-ups is essential for effective management. Common triggers include stress, infections, injuries to the skin, certain medications (such as beta-blockers and lithium), and alcohol consumption.

28.6.6 Treatment Options:

While there is no cure for psoriasis, various treatment options can help manage the condition and reduce symptoms. Treatment choices depend on the type and severity of psoriasis and may include:

28.6.6.1. Topical Treatments: These include creams, ointments, and shampoos containing corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, coal tar, or calcineurin inhibitors.

28.6.6.2. Phototherapy (Light Therapy): Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from natural sunlight or artificial sources, can slow skin cell turnover and reduce inflammation.

28.6.6.3. Oral or Injectable Medications: For moderate to severe cases, oral or injectable medications, such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biologics, may be prescribed.

28.6.6.4. Systemic Medications: These medications affect the entire immune system and can be effective for severe psoriasis.

28.6.6.5. Lifestyle Modifications: Managing stress, maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding triggers, and moisturizing the skin can help alleviate symptoms.

28.6.7 Conclusion:

Psoriasis is a complex and often challenging condition, both physically and emotionally. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life. However, with the right diagnosis and treatment plan, many individuals with psoriasis can effectively manage their symptoms and enjoy periods of remission. It's essential for those with psoriasis to work closely with healthcare professionals to find the most suitable treatment approach for their unique condition. Advances in research continue to provide hope for better therapies and, ultimately, a cure for psoriasis in the future.

28.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing the Autoimmune Disorder

28.7.1 Introduction:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Unlike osteoarthritis, which is primarily caused by wear and tear on the joints, RA is characterized by the immune system attacking the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround the joints. This condition can lead to pain, inflammation, and damage to the affected joints and, in severe cases, other organs. In this article, we will explore the details of rheumatoid arthritis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies.

28.7.2 Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis:

RA is an autoimmune disease, meaning it occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy tissues. In the case of RA, the immune system targets the synovium, which leads to chronic inflammation and damage to the joints. Over time, this inflammatory process can affect the cartilage and bone within the joints, resulting in pain, stiffness, and deformities.

28.7.3 Key Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis:

28.7.3.1. Symmetrical Joint Involvement: RA often affects joints on both sides of the body simultaneously, such as both wrists, knees, or fingers.

28.7.3.2. Morning Stiffness: People with RA commonly experience prolonged morning stiffness and joint pain that can last for hours.

28.7.3.3. Fatigue: RA is often accompanied by persistent fatigue, which can significantly impact daily activities.

28.7.3.4. Swelling: Inflamed synovial tissue leads to joint swelling, which can be painful and reduce joint function.

28.7.3.5. Deformities: As RA progresses, joint deformities may develop, causing joint instability and impaired mobility.

28.7.3.6. Extra-Articular Manifestations: RA can also affect other organs, leading to complications like rheumatoid nodules, lung inflammation, and cardiovascular problems.

28.7.4 Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is still not fully understood. However, several factors are believed to contribute to its development:

1. Genetic Predisposition: A family history of RA increases the risk of developing the condition. Specific genetic markers, like the HLA-DR4 gene, have been associated with a higher susceptibility to RA.

2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as smoking, infections, and exposure to certain toxins, may trigger the autoimmune response in individuals with a genetic predisposition.

3. Immune System Dysfunction: Abnormalities in the immune system, such as an overactive or dysregulated response, play a crucial role in RA development.

28.7.5 Diagnosis and Classification:

Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis can be challenging, as there is no single test that definitively confirms the condition. Rheumatologists often use a combination of clinical assessments, blood tests, and imaging studies to make a diagnosis. Common diagnostic criteria include the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria, which consider factors like joint involvement, laboratory tests (e.g., rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies), and symptom duration.

28.7.6 Treatment and Management:

Effective management of rheumatoid arthritis aims to alleviate symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve the patient's quality of life. Treatment strategies include:

28.7.6.1. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): These drugs, such as methotrexate and biologics like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, target the immune system to reduce inflammation and joint damage.

28.7.6.2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen are used to manage pain and inflammation but do not modify the disease's course.

28.7.6.3. Corticosteroids: Short-term use of corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation and provide relief during flare-ups.

28.7.6.4. Physical and Occupational Therapy: These therapies help improve joint function, reduce pain, and prevent joint deformities.

28.7.6.5. Lifestyle Modifications: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and adequate rest can support overall well-being.

28.7.6.6. Surgery: In severe cases, joint surgery, such as joint replacement or synovectomy, may be necessary to relieve pain and restore joint function.

28.7.7 Conclusion:

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex autoimmune disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Although it is a chronic condition with no cure, advancements in research and treatment options have significantly improved the prognosis for those with RA. Early diagnosis and effective management can help individuals with RA lead fulfilling lives with reduced pain and improved joint function. Collaborating closely with healthcare professionals, including rheumatologists, is essential for developing a personalized treatment plan and achieving the best possible outcomes for those living with rheumatoid arthritis.

28.8 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Comprehensive Overview of the Complex Autoimmune Disorder

28.8.1 Introduction:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly referred to as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects various parts of the body. It is characterized by a dysregulated immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation, organ damage, and a wide range of symptoms. Lupus can affect individuals of any age, gender, or race, but it is most commonly diagnosed in women of childbearing age. In this article, we will explore the details of systemic lupus erythematosus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies.

28.8.2 Understanding Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:

SLE is a complex autoimmune disorder with a multifactorial etiology. The precise cause of lupus remains unknown, but it is thought to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. In lupus, the immune system produces autoantibodies that attack various tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage.

28.8.3 Key Features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:

28.8.3.1. Multisystem Involvement: SLE can affect multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, and blood vessels.

28.8.3.2. Flare-Ups and Remission: Lupus symptoms often occur in periodic flare-ups, with periods of remission in between.

28.8.3.3. Butterfly Rash: A distinctive rash, often described as a "butterfly rash," can appear on the face, spanning the cheeks and the bridge of the nose.

28.8.3.4. Joint Pain and Swelling: Lupus can cause joint pain and swelling, similar to rheumatoid arthritis.

28.8.3.5. Kidney Involvement: Lupus nephritis is a common complication, leading to kidney inflammation and potentially severe kidney damage.

28.8.3.6. Neurological Symptoms: Some individuals with lupus experience neurological symptoms, including headaches, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction.

28.8.3.7. Photosensitivity: Many people with SLE are sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light and may develop skin rashes or other symptoms upon sun exposure.

28.8.4 Diagnosis and Classification:

Diagnosing SLE can be challenging, as its symptoms can mimic those of other conditions. Rheumatologists, who specialize in autoimmune diseases, typically use a combination of clinical criteria, blood tests, and imaging studies to make a diagnosis. The 1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and the more recent 2019 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/ACR criteria are widely used for classification.

28.8.5 Common Diagnostic Tests Include:

28.8.5.1. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: A positive ANA test is often a first indicator of autoimmune activity.

28.8.5.2. Complete Blood Count (CBC): Detects changes in blood cell counts, such as anemia or low platelets.

28.8.5.3. Complement Levels: Decreased levels of complement proteins can indicate lupus activity.

28.8.5.4. Specific Antibody Tests: Tests for autoantibodies like anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies, which are often elevated in SLE.

28.8.5.5. Imaging: X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI may be used to assess organ involvement, especially in cases of suspected kidney or lung issues.

28.8.6 Treatment and Management:

The management of SLE focuses on controlling symptoms, preventing flares, and minimizing organ damage. Treatment plans are typically individualized and may involve a combination of the following approaches:

28.8.6.1. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Medications like hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate are often used to control inflammation and reduce lupus activity.

28.8.6.2. Corticosteroids: Short-term use of corticosteroids can help manage severe symptoms but is typically limited due to potential side effects.

28.8.6.3. Immunosuppressive Medications: Drugs like mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine are used in severe cases to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation.

28.8.6.4. Biologics: Biologic therapies like belimumab specifically target the immune system and are approved for treating SLE.

28.8.6.5. Sun Protection: People with lupus should take precautions to protect their skin from UV exposure, as it can trigger flare-ups.

28.8.6.6. Lifestyle Modifications: A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and adequate rest, can help improve overall well-being.

28.8.7 Conclusion:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a complex and often unpredictable autoimmune disease that affects various organs and systems in the body. While there is no cure for lupus, advancements in research and treatment options have significantly improved the prognosis for those with SLE. Early diagnosis, careful management, and close collaboration with healthcare professionals, including rheumatologists, are crucial for effectively managing lupus and improving the quality of life for individuals living with this condition. Ongoing research offers hope for continued progress in understanding and treating systemic lupus erythematosus.

28.9 Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing the Neurological Disorder

28.9.1 Introduction:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and often disabling autoimmune neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. MS occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, known as myelin, leading to inflammation, scarring, and disruptions in the normal flow of electrical impulses in the central nervous system (CNS). In this article, we will explore the details of multiple sclerosis, including its causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies.

28.9.2 Understanding Multiple Sclerosis:

MS is a complex disorder with a multifactorial etiology. The exact cause of MS is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. In MS, the immune system's misguided attack on myelin leads to the formation of lesions or plaques in the CNS, interfering with the transmission of signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

28.9.3 Key Features of Multiple Sclerosis:

28.9.3.1. Relapsing-Remitting Course: The most common form of MS, known as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), is characterized by periods of symptom exacerbation (relapses) followed by partial or complete symptom improvement (remission).

28.9.3.2. Progressive Forms: In some cases, RRMS may progress to secondary progressive MS (SPMS), characterized by a gradual decline in function, with or without ongoing relapses. Primary progressive MS (PPMS) is another form that presents with progressive disability from the onset.

28.9.3.3. Neurological Symptoms: MS symptoms vary widely and can include fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, difficulty with coordination and balance, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

28.9.3.4. Variable Course: MS is highly variable among individuals, and the pattern and severity of symptoms can differ significantly.

28.9.3.5. Lesion Distribution: MS lesions can occur in various parts of the CNS, resulting in diverse symptoms and manifestations.

28.9.4 Causes and Risk Factors:

While the precise cause of MS remains unknown, several factors are believed to contribute to its development:

28.9.4.1. Genetics: MS has a genetic component, with a higher risk in individuals with a family history of the disease. Certain genetic variants are associated with increased susceptibility.

28.9.4.2. Environmental Factors: Factors such as viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus), vitamin D deficiency, smoking, and exposure to toxins may play a role in triggering or exacerbating MS.

28.9.4.3. Immune System Dysfunction: Abnormalities in the immune system, particularly in the activity of T-cells, B-cells, and cytokines, are implicated in the pathogenesis of MS.

28.9.5 Diagnosis and Classification:

Diagnosing MS can be challenging due to its wide range of symptoms and lack of a single definitive test. Neurologists typically use a combination of clinical evaluations, medical history, neurological exams, and diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis. Common diagnostic tools include:

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scans can reveal the presence of CNS lesions, their location, and their size.

2. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis: This test examines cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of abnormal proteins or cells, which may indicate MS.

3. Evoked Potentials: These tests measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to stimuli and can help identify impaired nerve pathways.

4. Clinical Criteria: Criteria established by international organizations, such as the McDonald criteria, are used to classify and diagnose MS.

28.9.6 Treatment and Management:

While there is currently no cure for MS, various treatments and management strategies aim to control symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve the patient's quality of life. Treatment options include:

28.9.6.1. Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs): DMTs, such as interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and newer oral or injectable medications, help reduce the frequency and severity of relapses and slow the accumulation of disability in RRMS and SPMS.

28.9.6.2. Symptom Management: Medications and therapies are available to manage specific symptoms, such as muscle spasticity, fatigue, and bladder or bowel dysfunction.

28.9.6.3. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can help individuals with MS maintain mobility, function, and independence.

28.9.6.4. Lifestyle Modifications: A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, stress management, and adequate rest, can help improve overall well-being.

28.9.6.5. Supportive Care: Support groups, counseling, and social services can provide emotional support and assistance with the challenges of living with MS.

28.9.7 Conclusion:

Multiple Sclerosis is a complex and unpredictable autoimmune neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. While it poses significant challenges, advances in research and treatment options have improved the outlook for individuals with MS. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and ongoing collaboration with healthcare professionals are essential for effectively managing the disease and enhancing the quality of life for those living with multiple sclerosis. Ongoing research holds promise for future breakthroughs in understanding and treating this complex condition.

28.10 Celiac Disease: Understanding the Autoimmune Disorder Triggered by Gluten

28.10.1 Introduction:

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine, triggered by the consumption of gluten—a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with celiac disease ingest gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the lining of the small intestine. This damage hampers the absorption of essential nutrients, leading to a wide range of symptoms and potential long-term complications. In this article, we will explore the details of celiac disease, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies.

28.10.2 Understanding Celiac Disease:

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder, which means it occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues in response to gluten consumption. The immune response leads to inflammation and damage to the small intestine's lining, specifically the tiny, finger-like structures called villi that aid in nutrient absorption.

28.10.3 Key Features of Celiac Disease:

28.10.3.1. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Common symptoms of celiac disease include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and gas. Individuals may also experience constipation or have alternating bowel habits.

28.10.3.2. Nutritional Deficiencies: Damage to the small intestine impairs the absorption of essential nutrients, leading to deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.

28.10.3.3. Non-Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Celiac disease can manifest with various non-gastrointestinal symptoms, including fatigue, irritability, depression, joint pain, and skin rashes.

28.10.3.4. Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Some individuals with celiac disease develop a specific skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis, characterized by itchy, blistering skin lesions.

28.10.3.5. Potential Long-Term Complications: Untreated celiac disease can lead to serious long-term complications, including osteoporosis, anemia, infertility, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

28.10.4 Causes and Risk Factors:

Celiac disease is believed to have a genetic basis, with specific genetic markers, primarily the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes, associated with an increased risk. However, genetics alone are not sufficient for the development of celiac disease. Other contributing factors may include:

28.10.4.1. Gluten Exposure: Gluten ingestion is the primary trigger for celiac disease in genetically predisposed individuals.

28.10.4.2. Gut Microbiota: The composition of the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of celiac disease.

28.10.4.3. Viral Infections: Certain viral infections may contribute to the onset of celiac disease in susceptible individuals.

28.10.5 Diagnosis and Classification:

Diagnosing celiac disease involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests, and invasive procedures. Common diagnostic tools and steps include:

28.10.5.1. Blood Tests: Blood tests, such as the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) tests, detect the presence of antibodies that are elevated in celiac disease.

28.10.5.2. Genetic Testing: Genetic testing can identify whether an individual carries the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 genes, which are associated with an increased risk of celiac disease.

28.10.5.3. Endoscopy and Biopsy: Invasive procedures, such as endoscopy with small bowel biopsy, are often performed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of intestinal damage.

28.10.5.4. Symptom Evaluation: Clinical evaluation considers the patient's symptoms and response to a gluten-free diet.

28.10.6 Treatment and Management:

The primary treatment for celiac disease is a strict and lifelong gluten-free diet. Avoiding gluten-containing foods is essential to prevent further damage to the small intestine and alleviate symptoms. Key aspects of treatment and management include:

28.10.6.1. Gluten-Free Diet: Eliminating all sources of gluten from the diet, including wheat, barley, rye, and cross-contaminated foods, is crucial.

28.10.6.2. Nutritional Support: Individuals with celiac disease may require nutritional supplementation to address deficiencies, particularly in iron, calcium, and certain vitamins.

28.10.6.3. Education and Support: Education about gluten-free eating, support from healthcare providers, and involvement in celiac support groups can help individuals adapt to their new dietary requirements.

28.10.6.4. Regular Follow-Up: Regular check-ups with healthcare providers and monitoring of antibody levels can assess adherence to the gluten-free diet and assess intestinal healing.

28.10.6.5. Management of Complications: Addressing and managing complications associated with celiac disease, such as osteoporosis or anemia, is essential.

28.10.7 Conclusion:

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an immune response to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage to the small intestine. Early diagnosis and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet are essential to manage the disease and prevent complications. With proper dietary modifications and support from healthcare professionals, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy and fulfilling lives while minimizing the impact of this autoimmune disorder.

28.11 Overall Conclusion:

Autoimmune diseases represent a significant challenge to individuals and the healthcare system. While there is no cure for most autoimmune diseases, ongoing research is uncovering new insights into their causes and potential treatments. Early diagnosis and effective management can significantly improve the quality of life for those living with autoimmune diseases, offering hope for a brighter future in the field of autoimmune disease research and treatment.

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          Canada has not yet offered any definitive evidence of India complicity in the killing of a Sikh separatist leader, Hardeep Singh Nijjar, in British Columbia in June. Prime minister Justin Trudeau's recent parliamentary statement noted credible "allegations" of a "potential" Indian link to the assassination. But putting aside the veracity of Canada's claims, the downturn in Indo-Canadian relations points to signs of a more assertive Indian foreign policy.

   The Canadian government expelled a Senior Indian Diplomat shortly after Trudeau's comments; India swifty retaliated by issuing a statement that denied any involvement in Nijjar's death and expelled an unnamed Senior Canadian diplomat.

    "Today's allegations have dealt a major blow to the relationship; the damage to the relationship will be easily repaired", says Brahma Chellaney on 19 sept., a former adviser to India's National Security Council, based in New Delhi.

Who was Hardeep Singh Nijjar -

           Nijjar was an outspoken supporter of the creation of a Separate Sikh Homeland known as Khalistan, which would include parts of India's Punjab state. 

     The Khalistan movement is outlawed in India and considered a national security threat by the government. A number of groups associated with the movement are listed as "terrorist organizations" under India's Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act (UAPA).

     Nijjar's name appears on the Home Ministry's list of UAPA terrorists and in 2020, the Indian National Investigation Agency accused him of "trying to radicalize the Sikh community across the world in favor of the creation of "Khalistan", adding that he had been "trying to incite Sikhs to vote for secession, agitate against the government of India and carry out violent activities." 

     Gurpatwant Singh Pannun told CNN that Nijjar was asked to be careful and avoid giving "big talks" or he would be targeted. CNN has reached out to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Punnun, who faces multiple charges from the Indian government, runs a New York- based outfit called "Sikhs for Justice", which has held referendums for a separate Khalistan state. The Organization is considered Unlawful in India, where its website is not accessible.

   Canadian police have not arrested anyone in connection with Nijjar's murder. But in an August update, police said they were investigating three suspects and issued a description of a gateway vehicle. 

      Current PM Justin Trudeau has failed to take action against a newwave of Khalistani activism in Canada. This is all about "Vote Bank" Politics. Trudeau heads a minority government which is backed by the New Democratic Party(NDP), headed by Jagmeet Singh, an arch-Khalistani. After the 2019 elections, Singh and Trudeau signed what has been dubbed as the confidence-and-supply agreement. 

     Recently when attacked by the opposition which wanted a probe into China's suspected interference in Canada's elections, Singh's NDP backed Trudeau. Confident of his backing from Trudeau, Singh has gone more aggressively in support of the Khalistani cause. For instance when the heat turned on Khalistani separatist Amritpal Singh in Punjab, Jagmeet knocked on Trudeau's door for support.

     Today the Khalistan movement is not about popular support, it is about geo-politics. Countries like China and Pakistan can well tolerate, subsidize and assist in various ways the Khalistan movement. However, as a new generation of Sikhs grows up in foreign shores with little personal memory of India, the movement is likely to further.

     Canada and India have several common interests, particularly the G-20 summit provides them a sustainable platform. Although in the 18th G-20 summit held in India, Canada didn't have any bilateral relationship or talk with India. The strong, open, deep diplomatic relation between Canada and India is the need of hour in order to expand their cooperation & coordination in all spheres of matters, particularly the India-Pacific issue & free navigation in the South China Sea against China's influence.

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“Stop saluting women, they don't want to be saluted. They don't want to be put on pedestal. They don't want to be worshipped. They don't want to be called mothers, wives and sisters. They only want to be respected as EQUALS. Let them get down from the pedestal and walk as EQUALS.”

The Women's Reservation Bill is the 128 Constitutional Amendment Bill which will reserve one-third of all electoral seats for women in India, in the Lok Sabha, in the state legislative assemblies and in Union territories. The reservation will apply to reserve seats as well. Indian legislatures have seats reserved for backward communities like Scheduled Tribes and Schedule Castes and now one third of these reserved seats will also be reserved only for women from these communities.

 For India, this Women's Reservation bill was mandatory because politics has a gender problem in India. Women make up only 15% of Lok Sabha seats and 14% of Rajya Sabha seats. Indian states have same problem. At least 17 States have less than 10% women in their legislature. How can this problem be rectified in India? In an ideal world, the political parties would do more, they would put up more women candidates and they would cultivate more women leaders. Since this is not happening, India is batting on next best thing i.e. “Reservation”. In fact, we already provide reservations to women in local body elections of Panchayati Raj and Municipal elections and this quota has empowered women. India has around 3.2 million local representatives, 1.4 million of them are woman and 86,000 of them head their local bodies, take decisions on their own, implement and contribute at local level. In fact India is doing better than other countries, at least at local level. Around 44% of our representatives are women which are a much better number as compared to other leading democracies such as France, U.K, Germany and China. So, India's plan at local level has worked but as we grow up in the hierarchy, it hasn't. We have 28 states in India, only one of them has a female Chief Minister “only one in 28 states”. The goal is to correct this by extending the quota to all elected legislatures. “Elected” is the key here because this quota will be applied to Lok Sabha but not to Rajya Sabha; similarly it will apply to state assembly but not to state legislative councils. The bill calls for 3 steps in a particular order. At first census, second delimitation and then quota. India's last census was held in year 2011 the one in 2021 was delayed by the Wuhan Virus pandemic. So, the first step is to do another census and based on that redefine constituencies only then can the women's quota be implemented.

Women's Reservation Bill is a huge step forward and the roots of this proposal date back to the 1970's when it was found in a report that India has failed to ensure gender equality. This triggered a debate; several States began reserving seats for women. They thought it would solve the problem in 1980s. This idea got political backing in 1987 when Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi formed a committee on gender equality. This committee had 353 recommendations; one of them was women's quota. In 1992, this proposal was implemented partially, one third of the seats in the local bodies were reserved for women but state assembly & the Parliament were left untouched. In 1996, Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda actually went one step ahead he table the whole proposal 1/3 of seats in all elected bodies. Now most of the parties agreed to this idea but some hold out remain especially parties representing the OBC communities, the other backward classes and what their objection is that you see seats are reserved for SC and ST community but not for OBC, so fear is that OBC women would lose out. Upper cast women would dominate the quota and so the bill didn’t come into existence. Since then every Prime Minister in India has tried to revive this effort. Atal Bihari Vajpayee tried twice, no luck. On one occasion mp took from the minister’s hand & tore it up. Dr. Manmohan Singh also tried and he had partial luck in 2010, the Women's Reservation Bill was passed in Rajya Sabha but it never reached the Lok Sabha. So will this time be different, well women's quota was BJP's campaign promise both in 2014 and again in 2019 plus they have a brute majority in Parliament so no collination business which means the proposal will now be a reality & begin a new era of Indian democracy.

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Matt Hancock is an politician of UK based who is handsome as well as brilliant. Since childhood, he was very active in outdoor games and popular among his friend circle. He was not much passionate about politics in his boyhood. Hancock was born in the year 1978 and celebrate his birthday on 2 October. He was born in Chester, England on 2 October, 1978.

He served as Conservative party Member of Parliament (MP) since 2010 as the representative of West Suffolk.  He was also the secretary of state for health and social care in 2018. He is the famous and successful UK politician. He is one of the richest politician who was born in England and ranked on the list of those famous people who were born on 2 October 1978.

25.1 Education and Career:-

When the questions arises  about his education, he did his primary education at Farndon country primary school in Farndon, Cheshire. Later, he studied computing at west Cheshire college.  

He passed his undergraduate degree in philosophy, economics and politics from Oxford University. Later he did his masters in Philosophy from Cambridge University.

25.2 Family background:-

Hancock became a member of the Conservative party in 1999. 

Talking about his parents, Hancock's father name is Michael Hancock and mother's name is Shirley hills. The couple welcomed Matt Hancock on the day of Monday. He has one elder sister and one brother. 

He used to love his family very much and being close to   his family, he celebrates his birthday with his family. He married with Martha Hoyer. He has 3 children. His domestic partner is Gina Coladangelo.

25.3 Matt's Physical measurements :-

The height of Matt Hancock is 5 feet 10 inches and the weight is about 160 pounds which clearly indicates his fitness makes him more handsome, smart and look bold. According to his height and weight, Matt's BMI score is about 23.0m/kg2, which shows him physically fit and leading a healthy and Fabulous lifestyle. He is very  concern about his diet that what he is taking or eating. He always used to consume healthy meal. 

Height (in feet):    5 feet 10 inches

Height (in cm):     178 cm

Weight:                 160 pounds

BMI score:            23.0 m/kg2      

Shoe size:              8

Hair colour:           Brown

Eye colour:            Black

25.4 Net worth:-

After knowing his lifestyle, it is clear to see that he is one of the richest politician in UK.

He earned the money of being a professional politician. After Collecting all the data from online resources, it is estimated that Matt's net income is about $14 million at the of his 40 years old. It's really impressive.

He was from England. Furthermore, Matt's earns descent amount of salary as a politician and the data which is recorded is about $115k-$130k annually. He earn a massive amount of money and it's enough to have a luxurious lifestyle. 

Source of income:       Social work

Salary:                         $115k

Worth in 2019:            $3 million

Worth in 2020:            approx $4    

Worth in 2021:            $4.5 million

Worth in 2022:            $5 million

25.5 Matt Hancock contact, Address:-

Address: House of commons London SW1A 0AA

Phone: 02072197186

E-mail:  matt.hancock.mp@parliament.uk

Twitter: https://twitter.com/mattancock

25.6 Facts about Matt Hancock:-

1) Full name of Matt Hancock is Matthew John David Hancock.

2) Matt was born on 2 October, 1978 in Chester, United Kingdom

3) He is UK based politician.

4) He served as the Minister of state for Digital and Culture between 2016-2018. He previously held the minister of state for Energy office between 2014-2015.

5) His birth sign is Libra.

6) The name of his Wife is Martha Hancock.

7) Matt stated, "My children are not allowed on social media".

8) He has one elder sister and one brother.

9) Matt is the first MP in modern times who win a horse race.

10) He is an avid cricketer and plays for the Lords and Commons Cricket Team.

FAQs:-

1. Who is Matt Hancock?

Matthew John David Hancock was a British famous politician who was born on 2 October 1978. He served as Secretary of State for health and Social care since 2018. He was the member of parliament (MP) for west Suffolk since 2010. He has also served as Secretary of State for digital, culture, media and sport in 2018.

2. Is Matt Hancock married?

Yes, Matt Hancock is married. Hancock married Martha Hoyer Millar, an osteopath, in 2006

3. How old is Matt Hancock wife?

There is no official information available on internet about Martha Hoyer's age. But from some sources it is predicted that the age of Matt's wife Martha Millar is about 40 years old.

4. Is Matt Hancock gay?

No, Matt Hancock is not gay. He married with Martha Hoyer and his financial, sexual lifestyle going good.

5. What is net worth of Matt Hancock?

According to Wiki, Forbes, and other online resources, famous politician Matt's Hancock net worth is approx $14 million at the age of 40 years. He is one of the richest politician having Fantabulous lifestyle.

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(Avantika)

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LOGO OF BORDER ROADS ORGANIZATION

BRO is a modern and transmitted transnational construction organization that is committed to meeting the strategic requirements of the Indian armed forces. The organization plays a vital role in upscaling infrastructural development.

●       BRO was conceived and raised in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru for coordinating the speedy development of a network of roads in the North and the North Eastern Border regions of the country.

●       Initially, BRO was functional under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, But since 2015, it is being managed and it functional under the Ministry of Defence.

●       The BRO Raising Day is celebrated on May 7, every year and its motto is Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam ( everything is achievable through hard work).

●       The organization headquarters in Seema Sadak Bhawan, New Delhi and its Director General is Lt. Gen. Rajeev Chaudhary.

●       It has diversified into a large spectrum of construction and development works comprising airfield, building projects, defense works and tunneling and has endeared itself to the people.

●       The BRO, in more than six decades, has constructed over 61000 kms of roads, over 900 Bridges, four tunnels & 19 airfields under challenging conditions along India's borders and in friendly foreign countries, including Bhutan, Myanmar, Afghanistan and Tajikistan .

●       The composition of this organization comprises officers and troops who are selected from the Indian Army's Corps of Engineers, Army Service Corps, Military Police and other personnel. Candidates selected through the UPSC IES ( Indian Engineering Services) are appointed to this organization.

FLAG OF BORDER ROADS ORGANIZATION

24.1 Some Recent Achievements and Significance of BRO:-

         In 2022-23, the BRO completed 103 infrastructure projects, the most by the organization in a single year.

    These include construction of shyak Bridge of Load class 70 in Arunachal Pradesh and Along-Yingkiong Road.

●       Atal Tunnel: It is located in Himachal Pradesh’s Rohtang pass. It connects Solang Valley near Manali to Sissu in Lahaul and Spiti district.

●       Nechiphu Tunnel: Foundation stone was laid on the Balipara-Charduar-Tawang (BCT) road in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.

●       Daporijo Bridge: It is over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh.

●       Kasowal Bridge: It is over Ravi river. It connects Kasowal enclave in Punjab along the India - Pakistan border to the rest of the country.

●       Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road: It connects Leh via the villages of Darbuk and Shyok at southern Shyok River Valley, with the Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) post near the northern border.

●       Barsi Bridge (longest bridge on Manali–Leh highway): It is built on Bagga river, which joins with Chandra river at Tandi in Lahaul to flow down into Jammu & Kashmir as the Chenab.

     BRO performs two separate functions during the time of peace and during the war. In peace it's contribute in the social-economic development of border states and developing the infrastructure of operational roads for the staff.

    Not just in India, but in our friendly neighboring countries as well, BRO has had a part to play in the infrastructural development. Project Dantak in Bhutan which is one of the oldest project of the Border Roads Organization.

    Apart from this, it also woks in reconstruction, in case of a calamity or natural disaster.

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"Ramayan," the iconic television series directed by Ramanand Sagar, remains an exceptional portrayal of the ancient Indian epic, showcasing the virtues of righteousness, devotion, and valor that have captivated generations. Airing in the late 1980s, this masterpiece not only gripped the hearts of millions but also left an indelible mark on Indian television history.

Ramanand Sagar's adaption of the Hindu epic "Ramayan" is a marvel that seamlessly amalgamates extraordinary storytelling, impeccable casting, and a strong sense of cultural authenticity. The show's faithful adherence to Valmiki's original text, along with Sagar's creative touch, results in a balanced blend of entertainment and spiritual enlightenment.

One of the most commendable aspects of the series is its stellar cast. Arun Govil's portrayal of Lord Rama is both noble and charismatic, capturing the essence of the divine hero. Deepika Chikhalia's portrayal of Sita is equally captivating, radiating grace and strength. The chemistry between the leads adds depth to the narrative, making their separation and reunion all the more heart-wrenching and triumphant.

Ramanand Sagar's attention to detail in recreating the ancient world is astounding. The set designs, costumes, and props transport viewers back to a time of palaces, forests, and divine interventions. The dialogues, drawn directly from the original text, add a touch of authenticity that resonates with the audience, capturing the moral dilemmas faced by the characters.

The narrative pacing of "Ramayan" is well-balanced, allowing viewers to delve into the complexities of the characters while keeping the story engaging. The spiritual and moral teachings embedded within the episodes make the show not just a visual treat but also a source of profound wisdom. The portrayal of Lord Rama as the ideal king, husband, and son serves as a moral compass that continues to guide and inspire millions.

Furthermore, the show's unforgettable background score composed by Ravindra Jain is nothing short of enchanting. The music heightens the emotional impact of the narrative, elevating key moments to unforgettable heights.

23.1 Cast:

1) Arun Govil as Lord Rama: Arun Govil's portrayal of Lord Rama is one of the standout performances in the series. His dignified demeanor and strong presence embody the qualities of righteousness and nobility that Lord Rama is known for.

2) Deepika Chikhalia as Sita: Deepika Chikhalia's portrayal of Sita captures her innocence, strength, and devotion. Her chemistry with Arun Govil's Rama adds emotional depth to the story.

3) Sunil Lahri as Lakshman: Sunil Lahri's portrayal of Lakshman, Rama's loyal younger brother, is noteworthy for his fierce dedication and unwavering loyalty.

4) Dara Singh as Hanuman: Dara Singh's Hanuman is a standout character, exemplifying devotion and strength. His portrayal of the devoted monkey god is cherished by viewers.

5) Arvind Trivedi as Ravana: Arvind Trivedi's depiction of the demon king Ravana is remarkable. His performance captures both Ravana's power and his eventual downfall due to his arrogance.

23.2 Plot:

"Ramayan" is an adaptation of the ancient Indian epic, "Ramayana," attributed to the sage Valmiki. The series narrates the divine journey of Lord Rama, an avatar of the god Vishnu, as he embarks on a quest to rescue his wife Sita from the clutches of the demon king Ravana.

The story is set in the kingdom of Ayodhya, where Lord Rama is exiled to the forest for fourteen years due to a political conspiracy. Accompanied by his wife Sita and his loyal brother Lakshman, Rama's exile becomes a test of his character, virtue, and devotion. The trio faces various challenges, encounters mystical beings, and learns valuable life lessons along the way.

The pivotal moment in the story arrives when Sita is abducted by Ravana, the powerful ruler of Lanka. This sets the stage for the epic battle between good and evil. With the help of Hanuman and an army of monkeys, Lord Rama embarks on a journey to Lanka to rescue Sita.

The climax of the story culminates in the great war between Lord Rama's forces and Ravana's demon army. The battle showcases the valor and strength of characters like Hanuman, Lakshman, and Lord Rama himself. Eventually, Rama's unwavering devotion to righteousness leads to Ravana's defeat and the rescue of Sita.

Upon their return to Ayodhya, Lord Rama's triumphant homecoming is celebrated with great joy. The narrative highlights the importance of duty, honor, and dharma (righteousness) as Rama becomes an exemplary ruler and king.

23.3 Conclusion:

However, no television series is without its minor flaws. Some viewers might find the special effects and production values slightly outdated by modern standards. Yet, these aspects hold a certain nostalgic charm that connects us to the era when the series was produced.

In conclusion, Ramanand Sagar's "Ramayan" stands as a timeless creation that has not only entertained but also imparted valuable life lessons. The show's ability to transcend generations and cultural barriers is a testament to its universal appeal. With its captivating storytelling, remarkable performances, and spiritual resonance, "Ramayan" remains a true masterpiece and a cultural touchstone for audiences across the world.

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Amboseli is a one of a kind game reserve in Southern Kenya. one of the oldest national parks in Africa. it is famous around the world for it unique elephant population.

Amboseli National park is the most visited of all wild animal reserves in Kenya . Originally allotted around 5,200 km^2 in 1948, the park was turn over the local in 1961.called "park of tukai" in the Masai language Amboseli spans a large variety of environment including an extensive swamp that is particularly attractive to wild animals.

22.1  AREA  AND STRUCTURE:

Today, the area of National park has been reduced to around 650 km^2 but nevertheless remains an ideal place for a large number of wild species to live. Lying at an elevation of 1400 to 1900 m above sea level  and with the impressive scenery of kilometre serving as a backdrop, the amboseli National park at the foot of the silver mountain protects one of the last great natural treasers on earth. Thanks to the masai, who own most of the surrounding land, its unique population of elephant has survive to this day

22.2 KNOWN AS THE LAND OF THE GENTLE GIANTS:

National park is probably the best place to in Kenya to get a close look at African elephant because the population inside the reserve has been able to maintain its large structure and generation lines free from outside influences for many years. This is extraordinary rare. Most African National park have suffered through extended periods of poaching, practice regular Kaling or implemented long distance recolation programmes  in order to satisfy the demands of local agriculturists who fear the intrusion of elephants into their fields. In Amboseli, the pastoral masai keep a close watch on the park's borders, with the result that around 800 elephants of of different generation have survived with in its small herd, including aged cows and bulls as well as Calves, teenagers and matriarchs. This permits the complex diverse social behaviours of these gentle  gaints to be studied in context.

22.3 IN ADDITION TO ELEPHANT:

Amboseli park protects a wide range of wild species and many other animal in habit the reserve .Rhinoceros masai giraffe gnus ,zebras, Hyena Jackals, cheetah, leopards and two gazelle species (Grant's and Thompson's) at home on the savannah. In the drier parts, farther from the swamp leaves gemsboks, gerenuks and elands. The swamp itself is a virtual Paradise for birds. Species that are otherwise rare in Kenya, such as pelicans and geese, gather in flocks on the open water .kingfishers and bee- eaters lie in wait for prey in the reeds. Birds of prey include the ospreys, martial eagle, grey- winged goshawks and Dwarf falcons. 

22.4 SOME KEY POINTS:

• Amboseli National park was founded in 1974.

• IT has a total area of 650 km^2

• Country : kenya

• Masai : The masali are a Nomadic pastoral people at home in wide plains of Southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, where their population approaches one million.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Deeksha Yadav)

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