Drug Addiction in Today's Scenario

Drug addiction is a widespread and intricate problem that impacts people all over the world—individuals, families, and communities. Over time, the issue has changed according to a variety of social, economic, and cultural variables. This article examines the many facets of drug addiction, including its causes, effects, and current social initiatives to prevent it.

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66.1) Understanding Drug Addiction:

Substance use disorder, another name for drug addiction, is a chronic illness marked by obsessive drug use despite negative outcomes. It modifies the structure and function of the brain, resulting in modifications to emotion, cognition, and behavior. Addiction is impacted by a multitude of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and is not solely the product of bad decisions or moral faults.

66.2) The Nature of Addiction:

The reward system in the brain is a major contributor to addiction. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward that is influenced by drugs. Drug usage produces a euphoric state by over-supplying the brain with dopamine, which reinforces the behavior and promotes recurrent use. People find it harder to experience pleasure without the drug as a result of the brain's gradual adaptation to the extra dopamine. This results in tolerance, or using more drugs to get the same effect, and the onset of withdrawal symptoms when the medication is stopped.

66.3) Causes of Drug Addiction:

1. Genetic Factors: Studies show that between 40 and 60 percent of an individual's susceptibility to addiction might be attributed to genetic factors. Genetic characteristics can affect a person's reaction to drugs, chance of developing addicted habits, and capacity for recovery.

2. Environmental Factors: Addiction is largely influenced by family dynamics, peer pressure, socioeconomic background, and early drug exposure. The likelihood of substance misuse can also be raised by traumatic experiences, stressful life events, and a lack of support networks.

3. Psychological Factors: Addiction and mental health conditions like PTSD, anxiety, and depression frequently coexist. Drugs are sometimes used by people as a coping method for psychological discomfort. Furthermore, certain personality factors can make people more likely to use drugs, such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking.

66.4) Types of Drugs and Their Effects:

1. Stimulants: These substances boost alertness, energy, and focus. Examples of these substances include cocaine, methamphetamine, and pharmaceutical stimulants like Adderall and Ritalin. Serious health problems like heart difficulties, paranoia, and aggressive conduct might result from them.

2. Depressants: Drugs that slow down brain activity, such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines, cause relaxation and sedation. Memory issues, dependency, and withdrawal symptoms might result from prolonged use.

3. Opioids: Heroin, morphine, and pharmaceutical opioids like hydrocodone and oxycodone fall under this category. Opioids can cause respiratory depression, overdose, and even death. They are also extremely addictive.

4. Hallucinogens: Substances that change perception, thoughts, and feelings include PCP, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and LSD. Long-term psychological problems, including paranoia and hallucinations, may result from them.

5. Cannabis: The most commonly used illicit substance is marijuana. Chronic use can result in dependence, cognitive decline, and mental health problems, even if some people take it for medical purposes.

66.5) The Impact of Drug Addiction:

1. Health Consequences: Many issues with one's physical and mental health are caused by addiction. Heart disease, liver damage, lung illness, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and a number of mental health conditions can all be brought on by long-term drug use. Overdosing carries a serious risk of fatality.

2. Social Consequences: Drug abuse can strain relationships, which can result in child maltreatment, domestic violence, and family breakups. In addition, it may lead to job loss, homelessness, and social isolation.

3. Economic Impact: Addiction has a significant financial cost because it involves medical bills, lost wages, and legal fees.

4. Crime: Addiction to drugs is closely associated with criminal activity. Many addicts turn to criminal activity to finance their drug habit, which raises crime and incarceration rates.

66.6) Addressing Drug Addiction:

1. Prevention: The goal of preventative interventions is to postpone the beginning of addiction and lower the rate of drug usage. This includes community-based programs that offer resources and support, education campaigns that increase public knowledge of the dangers of drug use, and laws that restrict access to chemicals that can be addictive. Communities, families, and schools are essential to preventative initiatives.

2. Treatment: Drug addiction can be effectively treated with a combination of behavioral therapy, medicines, and support networks. Depending on the needs of the patient, the course of treatment may include:

   2.1 Detoxification: The process of safely removing drugs from the body, often the first step in treatment.

   2.2 Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, and motivational interviewing are some approaches used to modify behavior and address underlying issues.

   2.3 Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): Medications like methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

   2.4 Support Groups: Programs like Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) provide peer support and encouragement for individuals in recovery.

3. Policy and Advocacy: Advocacy and effective policies are essential for tackling the systemic problems associated with drug addiction. This comprises:

   3.1 Regulation and Control: Implementing policies to regulate the prescription and distribution of drugs to prevent misuse and diversion.

   3.2 Harm Reduction: Strategies like needle exchange programs and supervised injection sites aim to reduce the health risks associated with drug use.

   3.3 Access to Treatment: Ensuring that individuals have access to affordable and comprehensive addiction treatment services.

   3.4 Decriminalization and Legalization: Some advocate for the decriminalization or legalization of certain drugs as a means to reduce the stigma of addiction and shift the focus to treatment rather than punishment.

66.7) The Role of Society:

In order to combat drug addiction, society is essential. This entails eradicating stigma and altering attitudes, both of which can prevent people from getting treatment. Addiction needs to be treated like a medical disease, one that calls for help and compassion rather than condemnation and punishment.

66.8) Case Studies and Personal Stories:

Case studies and personal narratives offer insightful perspectives on the human side of addiction. They draw attention to the difficulties faced by those who are battling addiction and the paths they take to get well. These stories have the power to foster empathy and comprehension, which advances a society that is more accepting and inclusive.

66.9) Global Perspectives:

Drug addiction is a worldwide problem with distinct issues in various parts of the world. As an illustration:

1. North America: With high rates of opioid addiction and overdose deaths, the opioid crisis has been a major public health issue.

2. Europe: There are increasing worries about prescription drug abuse and synthetic drugs.

3. Asia: Growing urbanization and socioeconomic shifts have led to a rise in drug usage, especially among young people.

4. Africa: Addiction is a problem there due to a lack of infrastructure and resources, necessitating more thorough preventative and treatment plans. 

66.10) Management:

The future of drug addiction and its management will likely be shaped by advancements in research, technology, and policy. Emerging trends include:

1. Precision Medicine: Tailoring treatment based on an individual's genetic makeup and specific needs.

2. Digital Health: Utilizing technology, such as telemedicine and mobile apps, to provide accessible and personalized care.

3. Policy Reform: Continued efforts towards decriminalization, legalization, and harm reduction policies.

4. Public Awareness: Ongoing education and advocacy to reduce stigma and promote a healthier, more informed society.

66.11) Conclusion:

Drug addiction is a complicated, multidimensional problem that calls for an all-encompassing, caring strategy. In order to solve this worldwide catastrophe, it is imperative that we comprehend its causes, effects, and practical preventative and treatment solutions. It is imperative for society to unite in order to provide support to individuals impacted by addiction, champion efficacious policies, and strive towards a future in which drug addiction is considerably lessened. We may go closer to creating a society that is resilient and healthier by adopting a comprehensive and compassionate approach.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Adarsh Tiwari)

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Rise of Nalanda - World's First Residential University

Situated in the Indian state of Bihar, Nalanda University is an ancient institution of learning that serves as a symbol of India's rich cultural and intellectual legacy. One of the first residential institutions in history, Nalanda was founded in the fifth century CE and drew students from all around Asia. Nalanda University has been resurrected in the twenty-first century, carrying on its tradition as a lighthouse of knowledge after being dormant for millennia.

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65.1) Birth of Nalanda Mahavihar

Nalanda, which was founded in the fifth century and thrived for more than 700 years, was a hub for intellectual and cultural interaction in addition to being a center of study.

The origins of Nalanda can be found during the Gupta Empire, which is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of India. Under the auspices of Kumaragupta I (450 AD), Nalanda was founded during this time. But, at least 600 years before to Kumaragupta's rule, the location of the mahavihar was once an Ashokan stupa site.

The word "Nalam" (lotus) and "da" (to give) were combined to create the university's name, which represents the flowering of knowledge. On the other hand, Chinese explorer Hiuen Tsang, who visited Nalanda in the 7th century when visiting India under King Harsha Vardhan, claimed that the name came from a Naga (snake) that resided in a nearby pond.

Nalanda set itself apart from other modern learning institutions with an extensive curriculum covering a wide range of subjects.

The Mahavihar was a center for Buddhist teachings, but it also taught logic, grammar, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy. Scholars from all across Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, were drawn to Nalanda because of its multidisciplinary approach, which resulted in a melting pot of intellectual and cultural diversity.

65.2) Infrastructure and facilities of Nalanda Mahavihar

The campus of Nalanda was a feat of architecture in its day. The knowledge center's enormous library are its most noticeable feature. It is constructed of red bricks, votive stupas, temples, and monasteries (viharas). Thousands of resident scholars and monks lived and studied in the complex, which was built to promote both spiritual and intellectual development.

The term "Dharmaganja" referred to the collection of university libraries. Ratnasagara (Ocean of Jewels), Ratnodadhi (Sea of Jewels), and Ratnaranjaka (Jewel-adorned) were their three principal structures. The huge collections of manuscripts, texts, and palm-leaf scriptures kept in these repositories were brought in by the students and monks from many locations; some of the rare and valuable materials were among them.

The teaching of Nalanda was similarly impressive. The university used a strict system of seminars, debates, and written and oral exams.Teachers were eminent academics, many of whom wrote important books in their domains. The globe was given 'zero' by the brilliant mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata, who was one of the most influential professors. 

65.3) Decline and Destruction

Despite its splendor, a string of invasions that ravaged the Indian subcontinent ultimately sealed Nalanda's doom.

The institution was destroyed by Turkish military leader Bakhtiyar Khilji under the Mamluk Dynasty in the 12th century, dealing the first serious blow. The 19th-century historian Minhaju-s Siraj claims that Khilji, leading his army in 1193 CE, targeted Nalanda as part of his plan to capture northern India.

People from the area commonly talk about how Khilji's soldiers destroyed centuries' worth of information by setting fire to the large libraries. The enormous manuscript collections are claimed to have fed the flames over the several months that the burning took place. Scholars and monks were also slaughtered.

However, because of the scarcity and ambiguity of the archeological and literary evidence, historians disagree on when the Nalanda Mahavihar ended.

By the eleventh century, the Buddhism practiced at NaIanda had been tantricized due to the demise of Hinayan and Mahayana Buddhism. It was no longer as shiny as it once was.

"Hiuen Tsang's story makes it clear that Buddhism was gradually eroding when he traveled to India. Significant early Buddhist centers had fallen into disuse, but other centers had emerged as well, including Nalanda in the east, Valabhi in the west, and Kanchi in the south, according to A. Ghosh's 1985 book "Nalanda."

The political climate and subsequent invasions made sure Nalanda never rose to its previous level of importance. Even the locals were unaware of it until Sir John Marshall and Sir Alexander Cunningham excavated the site in the 19th century.

65.4) Revival in 21st Century

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In March 2006, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, suggested bringing the historic Nalanda back to life during a joint session of the Bihar State Legislative Assembly. Converging ideas on the restoration of ancient Nalanda emerged concurrently from the government of Singapore, the leaders of sixteen East Asia Summit (EAS) member states in January 2007 in the Philippines, and the fourth EA Summit in October 2009 in Thailand. The Nalanda University Act, 2010 was passed by the Indian Parliament, and the school's first class of students entered in September of 2014. Under the direction of Chief Minister Shri Nitish Kumar, the State Government of Bihar moved quickly to set aside 455 acres of land for the university campus at a prominent location. This signified the founding of Nalanda University, and from 2017 to 2023, the new campus's infrastructure was built. The environmentally friendly architecture was created by renowned architect Padam-Vibhushan late Ar. B.V. Doshi, who integrated all contemporary amenities that met international standards with the traditional Vaastu of Nalanda. Stretching across acres of lush greenery and 100 acres of water bodies, this expansive carbon-free Net-zero campus is a true haven for education. 

Nalanda is simultaneously futuristic and grounded in reality, as the principles and practices of this ancient center of learning have shown to be globally applicable and a workable means of ensuring a sustainable future that benefits everyone, not just those in Asia. It makes sense that the idea of bringing Nalanda University again has received widespread support and enthusiasm from people all around the world.

17 nations, other than India, contributed to the university's establishment: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Mauritius, Myanmar, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The inauguration ceremony on Wednesday, 19th June 2024, was attended by ambassadors from these nations.

After 900 years, in 2014, Nalanda University opened admission to the School of Ecology and Environmental Studies and the School of Historical Studies to a total of fifteen students. The Rajgir Convention Center served as the classroom, and the Bihar government-run Hotel Tathagat served as the students' temporary housing. There were six teachers on the faculty. The University's first Chancellor was Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, who has been involved with the project since 2007. The first Visitor was former President Pranab Mukherjee.

The School of Buddhist Studies, Philosophy and Comparative Religion, Languages and Literature, Management Studies, and International Relations and Peace Studies are the four new schools that have opened since 2014. Currently, the institution provides PhD programs, two-year Master's courses, and a few certificate and diploma programs.

The new Nalanda University campus, spanning more than 450 acres in Rajgir, Bihar, was officially opened by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. A 'Net Zero' Green Campus that prioritizes environmental preservation makes it possible. Approximately 1900 students can study in 40 classrooms spread throughout two academic blocks on the site, and there are two auditoriums, each holding 300 seats, for spectators.

In addition, Nalanda University offers a sports complex, a facilities club, an international center, an amphitheater that can hold 2000 people, and hostels that can house about 550 students. The new campus represents the symbolic rebirth of an ancient center of learning and is significant due to its cutting-edge infrastructure. 

65.5) Conclusion

Historian Pintu Kumar stated, "The establishment of Sri Nālandā Mahāvihāra and its new organized instructive practices marked the beginning of a new era in South Asian education," in a significant study of ancient Nalanda University. It represented the pinnacle of the traditional Indian educational system. In South Asia, institutionalized education began with the conversion of mahāvihāras into learning and training institutes, which distinguished them from gurukulas. 

"Nalanda is an identity and a source of respect, not merely a name. At the opening of Nalanda University's new campus on Wednesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi remarked, "Nalanda is a value and mantra...fire can burn books, but it can't destroy knowledge."

"Learning is being here," proclaims the revitalized Nalanda University, which is located next to the Rajgir hills. Being in this intellectual environment, where living and learning coexist together with nature, is a powerful experience. The area is charged with positivity from spiritual masters such as Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira, who meditated here, as well as from the academic traditions established by great teachers like Nagarjuna, Aryabhatta, and Dharmakirti, who gave lectures at the historic Nalanda. An intellectual ferment uncommon in human history was present in ancient Magadha. What made studying at Nalanda academically distinctive and alluring to searchers was the chance to understand other discourses and embrace knowledge in its whole.

Nalanda University is a living example of the enduring value of information and education thanks to its extensive historical past and modern rebirth. Its historic ruins serve as a reminder of a great past, and the institution that stands there today represents the desire to grow and reclaim that history in a global setting. Nalanda is still an inspiration to academics and students around the globe as a representation of cross-cultural communication and intellectual inquiry.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Adarsh Tiwari)

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Exploring the beauty of Bhojpuri Cinema and its Struggles with Stigma

In the heart of Indian cinema, Bhojpuri film, renowned for its colorful storytelling and cultural depth, has a unique place. This cinema industry, which has its roots in the Bhojpuri-speaking districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand, has overcome many obstacles to establish a distinctive niche. Nevertheless, in addition to its artistic merits and cultural relevance, Bhojpuri cinema has an enduring reputation that shapes public opinion in India and around the world.

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64.1) The Cultural Richness of Bhojpuri Cinema

The 1960s saw the debut of Bhojpuri cinema with the release of "Ganga Maiya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo" (1963), a still-classic movie. Since then, the business has changed, resulting in movies that capture the sociocultural context of the Bhojpuri-speaking public. These movies frequently feature folk dances, traditional music, and rural life, offering viewers a glimpse into the traditions, practices, and beliefs of the area.

1. Music and Dance: Bhojpuri movies are well known for their upbeat dancing and music scenes. The songs, which have their roots in folklore, include love ballads, joyful melodies, and devotional bhajans. The music is a major lure for spectators because of its catchy beats and moving lyrics.
2. Storytelling: Bhojpuri film stories frequently center on themes of love, family, and societal problems. In addition to being enjoyable, these tales offer comments on the social mores and difficulties that the rural populace faces.
3. Language and Dialogue: One noteworthy aspect of these movies is how well the Bhojpuri language is used. Proverbs and idioms specific to the area are frequently incorporated into the dialogues, giving them more authenticity and relatability for the local audience.

64.2) The Stigma Surrounding Bhojpuri Cinema

Despite its cultural significance, Bhojpuri cinema faces a significant stigma. This negative perception arises from various factors, including content criticism, production quality, and regional bias.

1. Content Criticism: Bhojpuri movies are frequently condemned for the way they represent women and for having explicit and graphic material. Although it is true that some movies have used sensationalism to draw in viewers, this is not how the business is done overall. A lot of filmmakers work hard to create respectful, relevant entertainment that captures both human feelings and societal challenges.
2. Production Quality: When compared to mainstream Bollywood productions, the budgets of the Bhojpuri film industry are comparatively smaller. The technical features of the movies, such as the editing, special effects, and cinematography, are frequently impacted by this financial limitation. But in spite of these constraints, it is important to honor the imagination and ingenuity of filmmakers who are able to tell gripping stories.
3. Regional Bias: Bhojpuri film frequently encounters bias from reviewers and the general Indian public who tend to write it down as crude or inferior. This prejudice stems in part from the industry's rural beginnings and the perceived cultural divide between Bhojpuri-speaking areas and big cities.

64.3) The Path Forward

To address the stigma and enhance the perception of Bhojpuri cinema, several steps can be taken:

1. Promotion of Quality Content: Filmmakers should concentrate on creating excellent material that appeals to a wider audience. The industry's perception can be altered by putting an emphasis on compelling stories, higher production standards, and respectful character representation.
2. Talent Nurturing: Bhojpuri cinema can benefit from new ideas and advancements that can be brought about by supporting and developing young talent in acting, directing, and technical domains. In this context, film festivals and workshops devoted to regional cinema can be quite important.
3. Digital Platforms: Expanding the distribution of Bhojpuri films through digital channels might increase their audience reach. With the ability to reach a worldwide audience, online streaming services can offer an alternative to conventional distribution channels.
4. Cultural Exchange: Mutual respect and understanding can be fostered by promoting cultural exchanges between the Bhojpuri film industry and other regional film industries. Co-productions and partnerships can introduce a wider audience to the depths of Bhojpuri culture.

64.4) Conclusion

Bhojpuri cinema is worthy of praise and admiration because of its vibrant storytelling and rich cultural heritage. To move forward, we need to collaborate to produce excellent content, nurture talent, and open up to new distribution channels—despite the stigma and challenges associated with it. By using this strategy, Bhojpuri film may continue to flourish and spread its unique cultural narrative throughout the world, overcoming boundaries of place and preconceived notions.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Adarsh Tiwari)

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String of Pearls vs. Necklace of Diamonds: A Geopolitical Rivalry in the Indian Ocean

 The Indian Ocean, a vast expanse of maritime territory, holds immense importance for both India and China. As a critical trade route connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe, it facilitates commerce, energy transport, and geopolitical influence. China’s “String of Pearls” strategy, characterized by a network of ports and facilities along its sea lines of communication, aims to enhance its presence and secure vital choke points. Meanwhile, India responds with its “Necklace of Diamonds” approach, forging strategic partnerships, bolstering naval capabilities, and safeguarding its interests. This geopolitical rivalry unfolds against the backdrop of shifting power dynamics in the Indian Ocean region.

 

63.1) Indian Ocean Importance for India and China:

●       Trade and Energy Routes: The Indian Ocean serves as a crucial trade route, facilitating the movement of goods, energy resources, and raw materials. It links major economies and influences global commerce.

●       Energy Security: A significant portion of the world’s oil and natural gas passes through the Indian Ocean. For energy-hungry nations like China and India, securing these sea lanes is essential.

●       Geopolitical Influence: Control over the Indian Ocean translates to geopolitical leverage. It allows nations to project power, establish naval dominance, and shape regional dynamics.

 

63.2) China’s String of Pearls Strategy:

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●       Concept Origins: Coined in the early 2000s, the String of Pearls refers to China’s network of military and commercial facilities along its sea lines of communication.

●       Facilities and Locations:

      Key locations include major maritime choke points like the Strait of Mandeb, the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Lombok Strait, as well as strategic centers in Somalia and littoral South Asian countries such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Maldives.

○       Gwadar (Pakistan): China’s investment in the port of Gwadar provides a strategic foothold near the Strait of Hormuz. It offers access to the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.

○       Hambantota (Sri Lanka): China’s involvement in the Hambantota port raised concerns for India. It lies close to major shipping lanes.

○       Chittagong (Bangladesh): China’s interests in Chittagong enhance its presence in the Bay of Bengal.

○       Maldives and Seychelles: China engages in infrastructure projects and naval cooperation in these island nations.

●       Strategic Intentions:

○       Naval Expansion: China seeks to protect its sea lines of communication, secure energy routes, and expand its naval capabilities.

○       Encirclement Concerns: India views the String of Pearls as encircling its territory, potentially affecting its security and regional influence.

 

63.3) India’s Necklace of Diamonds Strategy:

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63.3.1) Strategic Response: India counters China’s moves with its Necklace of Diamonds approach.

63.3.2) Diplomatic Partnerships & Strategic Bases:

• India builds strong relationships with countries along the Indian Ocean rim, including Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, and Oman.
• Changi Naval Base, Singapore: India signed an agreement in 2018, providing direct access to this base for the Indian Navy. It allows refueling and rearming while sailing through the South China Sea.
• Sabang Port, Indonesia: India gained military access to Sabang Port, located at the entrance of the Malacca Strait—a crucial trade route.
• Duqm Port, Oman: India secured access to this port, facilitating crude imports from the Persian Gulf. It’s strategically positioned between China’s pearls—Djibouti (Africa) and Gwadar (Pakistan).
• Assumption Island, Seychelles: India and Seychelles developed a naval base here, countering China’s maritime silk route ambitions in Africa.
• Chabahar Port, Iran: India built this port, providing access to Afghanistan and a trade route to Central Asia.
• These partnerships enhance India’s maritime reach and provide access to key ports and airfields.

63.3.3) Naval Investigation:

• India invests in naval modernization, including aircraft carriers, submarines, and surveillance capabilities.
• It conducts joint exercises with friendly navies to maintain a presence across the ocean.

63.3.4) Security and Stability:

• India aims to ensure security, stability, and freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean.
• It seeks to prevent any single power from dominating the region.

63.4) Geopolitical Rivalry Unfolds:

●       Power Dynamics: The String of Pearls and the Necklace of Diamonds represent competing visions for the Indian Ocean’s future.

●       Balancing Act: Both nations balance economic interests, security imperatives, and regional cooperation.

●       Evolving Landscape: As the global order shifts, the Indian Ocean remains a theater where India and China vie for influence.

 

 

In conclusion, the String of Pearls—a network of Chinese military and commercial facilities along sea lines of communication from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan—presents a significant geopolitical challenge in the Indian Ocean region. In contrast, India’s Necklace of Diamonds strategy counters this influence by expanding its presence through strategic partnerships, akin to sparkling diamonds adorning a necklace. These concepts contribute to larger geopolitical dynamics, rivalry, and competition within the Indian Ocean.

— Team Yuva Aaveg

(Praveen Kumar Maurya)

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